Warming Air Temperature Impacts Snowfall Patterns and Increases Cold-Season Baseflow in the Liwiec River Basin (Poland) of the Central European Lowland

The rapidly changing climate affects vulnerable water resources, which makes it important to evaluate multi-year trends in hydroclimatic characteristics. In this study, the changes cold-season temperature (November–April) were analyzed period of 1951–2021 reveal their impacts on precipitation and streamflow components Liwiec River basin (Poland). threshold approach was applied reconstruct snowfall/rainfall patterns. Wittenberg filter method hydrograph separation. Mann–Kendall test Sen’s slope estimate significance magnitude trends. An assessment similarity between variables conducted using Spearman rank-order correlation. shift-type river regime assessed via Kruskal–Wallis test. results revealed that temporal both snowfall, rainfall, baseflow metrics significantly associated with increasing temperature. Over 71 years, rose by ~2.70 °C, snowfall-to-precipitation ratio decreased ~16%, increased a depth ~17 mm, index ~18%. shifted from snow-dominated snow-affected type. Overall, study provides evidence gradual increase over last seven decades is affecting phase component partitioning middle-latitude region.